Vulnerability Assessment 

Malware, short for "malicious software," is a broad category of harmful programs like viruses, worms, trojans and spyware. It’s designed to infiltrate, damage, or disable systems, often without the user's knowledge. Malware can steal data, monitor user activity or even take control of entire systems.

Phishing is a social engineering attack where cybercriminals pose as trustworthy entities—often via email or text—to trick users into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords, credit card numbers or login credentials. These messages usually contain fake links or attachments that appear legitimate.

Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a victim’s data or locks access to systems, demanding payment (a ransom) in exchange for restoration. It’s a growing threat that targets both individuals and organisations, often causing significant operational and financial damage.

A DoS attack overwhelms a network, server, or website with excessive traffic, rendering it slow or completely inaccessible. These attacks disrupt normal operations and can cause major downtime, especially when launched at scale (as in Distributed Denial-of-Service or DDoS attacks).

In a Man-in-the-Middle attack, a hacker secretly intercepts and possibly alters communication between two parties—like a user and a website—without their knowledge. This allows attackers to steal data, login credentials or inject malicious content while appearing invisible to both ends of the communication.